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            05.与规划相关.md
          </span></h1> <div class="theme-vdoing-content content__default"><p>规划是为了让所有的事情有条不紊的推进，从而使得时间都花在相关的事情上，从而能够获得符合干系人期望的可交付物和项目成果。</p> <p>估算：对成本、资源、人力、时间的定量评估。</p> <p>准确度：正确程度的评估，项目开始时的评估准确度低于进行中时的评估。区间波动越小越准确。</p> <p>精确度：精准程度的评估，更加详细的评估，例如2天 比 本周内 更精确。</p> <p>赶工：增加资源，以最小成本代价来压缩进度工期。</p> <p>快速跟进：将正常情况下按顺序进行的活动改为部分或者全部的去并行开展。</p> <p>预算：对经批准的对整个项目或者任一工作WBS、任一进度活动所做的估算。</p> <p>十五至尊图中的计划知识域：PMP 6 中的十大知识域五大过程组划分后二维图表中的第二列。</p> <p>在规划上花费的时间不应该变成低效的，根据具体情况而定。<br>
高层级的规划在项目授权前开始。<br>
规划中获得的信息在足以推进当前工作即可，不必过于详细。愿景、章程、论证等类似文件也是规划中的一部分。</p> <h2 id="规划的变量"><a href="#规划的变量" class="header-anchor">#</a> 规划的变量</h2> <h3 id="交付"><a href="#交付" class="header-anchor">#</a> 交付</h3> <p>规划时，了解商业论证、干系人需求、项目或者产品范围。<br>
产品范围是结果需要的特性或功能。<br>
项目范围是交付时必须要完成的工作。</p> <p>预测型规划，会将高层级的可交付物进行逐层分解，通过WBS将范围分解为更底层的详细内容。</p> <p>迭代或增量型规划，会将高层级的史诗、主题、故事，分解为各种特性，根据这些特性来分解为用户故事和待办事项列表。</p> <p>最后责任时刻，眼前的先制定详细，未来的先保留它们的规划包，退出决定，能够延迟成本的开销。这是为了不花时间去制定那些可能改变或不需要的计划，从而减少浪费。</p> <p>对史诗故事进行分组，就是主题，也称为特性。</p> <h3 id="估算"><a href="#估算" class="header-anchor">#</a> 估算</h3> <p>规划时，对工作投入、持续时间、成本、人力、实物资源进行估算。</p> <p>对可能数值或结果进行定量评估。<br>
随着项目发展，估算会根据当前所掌握的信息和情况而变化。</p> <p>区间、准确度、精确度、信心。</p> <p>当没有相关的人参与，没有了解到其它情况相关的很多信息时，最初的估算往往有很大的区间。也许是 -25%到75%之间。<br>
在生命周期中进行良好的项目估算区间往往很小，-5%到10%。</p> <p>准确度：估算的正确性，准确度越低，估算值的区间就越大。</p> <p>精确度：估算的精确度和所需的准确度是相匹配的，例如估算2天的时长和估算本周内，就是区间的大小不同。</p> <p>确定性估算：点估算<br>
概率估算：正态分布<br>
绝对估算：使用实际的数字<br>
相对估算：与其它估算相对比，特定情况下有意义。</p> <h3 id="进度"><a href="#进度" class="header-anchor">#</a> 进度</h3> <p>执行活动是的模型。持续时间、依赖关系、其它规划信息。</p> <p>进度规划适用于预测型或适应型方法。</p> <p>【@NOTE】规划进度管理 到 制定进度计划 这个流程就是进度规划。</p> <p>进度压缩：不缩减项目范围的前提下，缩短进度工期来满足目标。<br>
赶工：增加资源，以最小成本来压缩进度工期。<br>
快速跟进：并行开展</p> <p>提前量和滞后量：相对于紧前活动，紧后可以提前的时间量。相对于紧前活动，紧后活动需要推迟的时间量。</p> <p>滚动式规划：迭代式规划技术，详细规划近期要完成的工作，在高层级上粗略规划远期工作，和最后责任时刻有点像。</p> <h3 id="预算"><a href="#预算" class="header-anchor">#</a> 预算</h3> <p>先制定成本估算，将成本估算进行汇总，从而制定成本基准。<br>
在整个项目进度中进行分配，从而反映合适产生了成本。<br>
使得PM在特定的预算期内让资金和计划的工作之间取得平衡。</p> <p>应急储备：应对不确定性，用于实施风险应对或应对发生的风险事件。</p> <p>管理储备：应对范围内工作有关的意外活动。管理储备的管理取决于组织的政策和组织结构。</p> <p>工作成本估算是成本基准。<br>
项目预算是应急储备+成本基准。<br>
管理储备+项目预算=项目总金额。</p> <p>资金限制平衡：根据对项目资金的限制，来平衡资金的支出。如计划支出和资金限制间有差异，则可能要调整进度计划，从而平衡资金支出的水平，这可以通过在进度计划中添加强制日期来实现。</p> <h2 id="团队的组成和结构"><a href="#团队的组成和结构" class="header-anchor">#</a> 团队的组成和结构</h2> <p>规划团队组成时，评估技能、熟练程度、类似项目方面的经验年限。</p> <p>项目经理会去权衡相关人员的技能给项目带来的收益和其产生的成本。</p> <p>根据是否要在同一地点开展工作的必要，从而采用虚体团队。<br>
小型团队可以渗透式沟通，当场解决问题。</p> <p>团队章程：团队价值观和共识、沟通指南、决策标准和过程、冲突处理过程、工作及会议指南。例如啥时候开站会、有问题第一时间提出、少数服从多数。</p> <p>OBS 组织分解结构：按组织排列部门和单元及团队。在每个部门下列出项目活动和工作包。只要找到对应的OBS位置，就能看到自己的全部项目职责。<br>
责任分配矩阵：x轴是责任部门，y轴是工作名称。</p> <h3 id="沟通"><a href="#沟通" class="header-anchor">#</a> 沟通</h3> <p>沟通规划于干系人识别、分析、优先级排序和参与，有所重叠。<br>
沟通是在争取干系人有效参与方面最重要的因素。</p> <p>沟通管理计划：如何规划、结构化、执行于监督项目沟通，从而提高沟通的有效性。也包括项目状态会议、项目团队会议、网络会议、电子邮件等指南和模版。</p> <h3 id="金字塔原理"><a href="#金字塔原理" class="header-anchor">#</a> 金字塔原理</h3> <p>论：结论先行<br>
证：以上统下<br>
类：归类分组<br>
比：逻辑递进</p> <h3 id="电梯演讲"><a href="#电梯演讲" class="header-anchor">#</a> 电梯演讲</h3> <p>描述产品愿景<br>
30秒讲清楚<br>
一种结构化表达</p> <h3 id="scqa"><a href="#scqa" class="header-anchor">#</a> SCQA</h3> <p>Situation 背景<br>
Complication 冲突<br>
Question 问题<br>
Answer 答案</p> <p>开门见山式 ASCQA： 答案 背景 冲突 问题 答案<br>
突出忧虑式 CSA：冲突 背景 答案<br>
突出信心式 QSCA：问题 背景 冲突 答案</p> <hr> <h2 id="采购"><a href="#采购" class="header-anchor">#</a> 采购</h2> <p>实物资源</p> <p>采购管理计划<br>
采购工作说明书 SOW</p> <h3 id="一般采购流程"><a href="#一般采购流程" class="header-anchor">#</a> 一般采购流程</h3> <ol><li>准备SOW，</li> <li>独立估算后确定标底，</li> <li>编织招标文件后供方选择分析，</li> <li>发布招标公告，</li> <li>卖方资格预审后确定合格卖方清单</li> <li>投标人会议，澄清招标要求</li> <li>评标，建议书评价</li> <li>采购谈判，澄清合同条款</li> <li>签订采购合同</li></ol> <h3 id="变更"><a href="#变更" class="header-anchor">#</a> 变更</h3> <p>项目期间会有很多变更，原因有：风险事件、项目环境变化、对需求理解更加深入、客户的请求、其它别的原因。</p> <p>采取变更相关流程，重新确定待办事项列表的优先级，重新确定项目基准等形式。</p> <p>有合同要素方面的项目，要遵循已定义的合同变更流程。</p> <p><strong>大的变更时</strong><br>
贯穿项目始终，项目经理承担最终责任。<br>
项目周期内，干系人都可以提出变更。<br>
可以口头，但最好都能以书面形式，变更应该有责任人批准，通常是发起人和项目经理。必要时有CCB来开展实施整体变更控制过程。</p> <h3 id="度量指标"><a href="#度量指标" class="header-anchor">#</a> 度量指标</h3> <p>规划、交付和测量工作之间存在的自然联系，就是度量指标。</p> <p>只测量重要东西。</p> <p>也是测量绩效域的一部分，度量指标、基准、测试，都是评估实际绩效偏差的依据。</p> <h3 id="一致性"><a href="#一致性" class="header-anchor">#</a> 一致性</h3> <p>项目期间，规划活动和工件保持整合。</p> <p>范围和质量的绩效规划和 交付承诺、分配的资金、资源类型及可用性、干系人的需要。</p> <p>规划的时间安排、频率、程度 需要各个方面保持一致且相互整合。</p> <hr> <p><strong>规划绩效域名于其它绩效域都会相互作用</strong></p> <p>项目期间，规划将会指导项目工作、成果、商业价值的交付。</p> <p>在应对不确定性和风险时，不确定性和规划会相互作用。可能要根据出现的事件和情况，去修订计划或指定新计划。</p> <p><strong>成果和检查</strong></p> <h2 id="其它"><a href="#其它" class="header-anchor">#</a> 其它</h2> <p><strong>项目章程</strong></p> <p>项目名称<br>
总体里程碑进度表：开工及结束日期<br>
项目经理及联系电话<br>
项目立项依据<br>
项目目标<br>
项目主要干系人<br>
全体干系人签名</p> <p><strong>项目管理计划</strong></p> <p>项目名称<br>
项目背景<br>
项目范围管理计划，范围基准<br>
项目进度管理计划，进度基准<br>
项目成本管理计划，成本基准<br>
项目质量管理计划<br>
项目人力资源计划<br>
项目沟通计划<br>
项目风险管理计划，风险登记册<br>
项目采购计划</p> <p><strong>【@NOTE 案例】</strong></p> <p>WBS</p> <p>进度计划：</p> <ol><li>里程碑进度计划</li> <li>概括性进度计划</li> <li>详细进度计划</li></ol> <p>RACI 责任分配矩阵：R执行 A负责 C咨询 I知情</p> <p>干系人登记册</p> <p>风险清单</p> <p>供应商评价表</p></div></div> <div class="page-edit"><!----> <div class="tags"><a href="/tags/?tag=%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="标签">#项目管理</a></div> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新时间:</span> <span class="time">10年18月2023日 01时57分53秒</span></div></div> <div class="page-nav-wapper"><div class="page-nav-centre-wrap"><a href="/pages/42433250425/" class="page-nav-centre page-nav-centre-prev"><div class="tooltip">与敏捷相关</div></a> <a href="/pages/45821160516/" class="page-nav-centre page-nav-centre-next"><div class="tooltip">与工作相关</div></a></div> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev">
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